Comprehensive Review of Spinal Deformities: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Approaches

Spinal deformities refer to conditions in which the natural curvature of the spine deviates from its physiological alignment. These disorders are typically categorized into three main types: scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. They may have congenital, neuromuscular, idiopathic, or degenerative origins.

Scoliosis is defined as a lateral curvature of the spine with vertebral rotation, most commonly observed in the thoracic or lumbar regions. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most prevalent clinical form, occurring more frequently in girls than in boys. Early screening and accurate measurement of the Cobb angle are essential for determining the severity of the deformity and guiding treatment decisions.

Pathological kyphosis is generally defined as a posterior thoracic curvature exceeding 45 degrees. Scheuermann’s kyphosis, the most common type in adolescents, is associated with vertebral growth plate disturbances. In adults, kyphosis may result from vertebral degeneration, compression fractures, or inflammatory diseases.

Lordosis, or exaggerated lumbar concavity, may be secondary to factors such as weak abdominal muscles, hypertrophy of spinal extensor muscles, or hip joint abnormalities. It is often associated with altered biomechanics in the lumbosacral region.

Treatment strategies for these deformities are based on the severity of structural changes and clinical manifestations. Non-surgical approaches include bracing, rehabilitation through corrective exercises, and regular radiographic monitoring. In progressive cases or those with compromised pulmonary function, spinal fusion surgery with instrumentation may be recommended. Treatment decisions should consider individual factors such as patient age, degree of curvature, and respiratory function.